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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Deviator</span></h1>
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<p><b>Deviatoren</b> oder <b>deviatorische Tensoren</b> (<a href="Lateinische_Sprache" class="mw-redirect" title="Lateinische Sprache">lateinisch</a> <i>Abweichler</i>) sind in der <a href="Kontinuumsmechanik" title="Kontinuumsmechanik">Kontinuumsmechanik</a> <a href="Tensor" title="Tensor">Tensoren</a> zweiter Stufe, deren <a href="Spur_(Mathematik)" title="Spur (Mathematik)">Spur</a> verschwindet. Tensoren zweiter Stufe werden hier als lineare Abbildungen von geometrischen Vektoren auf geometrische Vektoren benutzt, die im Allgemeinen dabei gedreht und gestreckt werden, siehe Abbildung rechts.
</p><p>Von besonderer Bedeutung sind die <a href="Verzerrungstensor" title="Verzerrungstensor">Verzerrungstensoren</a>, die die <a href="Dehnung" title="Dehnung">Dehnung</a>, <a href="Stauchung" title="Stauchung">Stauchung</a> und <a href="Scherung_(Mechanik)" title="Scherung (Mechanik)">Scherung</a> von materiellen Linien und Flächen in einem Körper bei einer Deformation beschreiben. Die Verzerrungstensoren besitzen eine „Spur“ genannte Kennziffer (<a href="Hauptinvariante" title="Hauptinvariante">Hauptinvariante</a>), die ein Maß für die <a href="Volumendehnung" title="Volumendehnung">Volumendehnung</a> am Ort ihres Auftretens ist und zwar in der Art, dass sie verschwindet, wenn keine Volumendehnung vorliegt. Der spurfreie Anteil des Verzerrungstensors, sein Deviator, beschreibt (in der linearisierten Theorie) also den volumenerhaltenden, gestaltändernden Anteil der Deformation eines Körpers. Ebenso beschreibt in der <a href="Str%C3%B6mungsmechanik" title="Strömungsmechanik">Strömungsmechanik</a> der deviatorische Anteil des <a href="Geschwindigkeitsgradient" title="Geschwindigkeitsgradient">Geschwindigkeitsgradienten</a> den quellenfreien Anteil der Strömung.
</p><p>Ein anderes Anwendungsgebiet von Deviatoren liegt in der <a href="Plastizit%C3%A4tstheorie" title="Plastizitätstheorie">Plastizitätstheorie</a>. Bei vielen Metallen beobachtet man, dass sie unter allseitigem, hydrostatischem Druck nicht plastisch fließen oder, anders ausgedrückt, das plastische Fließen nur von den vom hydrostatischen Anteil befreiten Spannungen getrieben wird. Der deviatorische Anteil eines Tensors ist gerade der Teil, der übrig bleibt, wenn sein <a href="Kugeltensor" title="Kugeltensor">hydrostatischer Anteil</a> abgezogen wird.
</p><p>Mit Deviatoren kann also das Materialverhalten unter volumenerhaltenden, gestaltändernden Bedingungen modelliert werden.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2></div>
<p>Deviatoren sind Tensoren zweiter Stufe <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {T} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">T</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {T} }</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9593e3b995a1b57c078873a5ea186c7012e1a5ee.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.859ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {T} }" loading="lazy"></span>, deren Spur „Sp“ verschwindet:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {T} :\quad \mathrm {Sp} (\mathbf {T} )=0}">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {T} :\quad \mathrm {Sp} (\mathbf {T} )=0}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d5a4ee4208f48f866147600bd883e303612dc94a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:16.633ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {T} :\quad \mathrm {Sp} (\mathbf {T} )=0}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Der deviatorische Anteil wird mit einem hochgestellten „D“ oder „dev“ bezeichnet:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {dev} (\mathbf {T} )=\mathbf {T} ^{\rm {D}}=\mathbf {T} ^{\mathrm {dev} }:=\mathbf {T} -{\frac {\mathrm {Sp} (\mathbf {T} )}{\mathrm {Sp} (\mathbf {1} )}}\mathbf {1} =\mathbf {T} -{\frac {\mathrm {Sp} (\mathbf {T} )}{3}}\mathbf {1} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
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<mi mathvariant="bold">T</mi>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mi mathvariant="normal">D</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {dev} (\mathbf {T} )=\mathbf {T} ^{\rm {D}}=\mathbf {T} ^{\mathrm {dev} }:=\mathbf {T} -{\frac {\mathrm {Sp} (\mathbf {T} )}{\mathrm {Sp} (\mathbf {1} )}}\mathbf {1} =\mathbf {T} -{\frac {\mathrm {Sp} (\mathbf {T} )}{3}}\mathbf {1} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/728a5beaa243b39c0ca41584d4c7163c6aa3f9e2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:54.464ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {dev} (\mathbf {T} )=\mathbf {T} ^{\rm {D}}=\mathbf {T} ^{\mathrm {dev} }:=\mathbf {T} -{\frac {\mathrm {Sp} (\mathbf {T} )}{\mathrm {Sp} (\mathbf {1} )}}\mathbf {1} =\mathbf {T} -{\frac {\mathrm {Sp} (\mathbf {T} )}{3}}\mathbf {1} }" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Die Spur des <a href="Einheitstensor" title="Einheitstensor">Einheitstensors</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {1} }">
<semantics>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn mathvariant="bold">1</mn>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {1} }</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/235ffc0f1788b720aef5caa7b97246a84421fd0e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.337ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {1} }" loading="lazy"></span> ist gleich der Dimension des zugrunde gelegten Raumes, hier und im Folgenden gleich drei.
</p><p>Der Subtrahend
</p><p><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {Sp} (\mathbf {T} )}{3}}\mathbf {1} =:\mathbf {T} ^{\mathrm {K} }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
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<mn>3</mn>
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<mo>=:</mo>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {Sp} (\mathbf {T} )}{3}}\mathbf {1} =:\mathbf {T} ^{\mathrm {K} }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2a65f57471f5efddae4d6e5c5c51934bcefa4612.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:15.542ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {Sp} (\mathbf {T} )}{3}}\mathbf {1} =:\mathbf {T} ^{\mathrm {K} }}" loading="lazy"></span>
</p><p>ist der <a href="Kugeltensor" title="Kugeltensor"><i>Kugelanteil</i></a> des Tensors <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {T} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">T</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {T} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9593e3b995a1b57c078873a5ea186c7012e1a5ee.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.859ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {T} }" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eigenschaften">Eigenschaften</h2></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zerlegung_in_Deviator_und_Kugelanteil">Zerlegung in Deviator und Kugelanteil</h3></div>
<p>Die in der Definition angedeutete Zerlegung in Deviator und Kugelanteil ist in der <a href="Festigkeitslehre" title="Festigkeitslehre">Festigkeitslehre</a> und <a href="Fluidmechanik" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluidmechanik">Fluidmechanik</a> häufig anzutreffen, insbesondere beim <a href="Spannungstensor" title="Spannungstensor">Spannungstensor</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}=\sigma _{m}\mathbf {1} +{\boldsymbol {\sigma }}^{\rm {D}},\quad \sigma _{m}={\frac {\mathrm {Sp} ({\boldsymbol {\sigma }})}{3}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">σ<!-- σ --></mi>
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<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>m</mi>
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</msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn mathvariant="bold">1</mn>
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<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">σ<!-- σ --></mi>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">D</mi>
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</msup>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>m</mi>
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<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">S</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">p</mi>
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<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">σ<!-- σ --></mi>
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<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
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<mn>3</mn>
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</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}=\sigma _{m}\mathbf {1} +{\boldsymbol {\sigma }}^{\rm {D}},\quad \sigma _{m}={\frac {\mathrm {Sp} ({\boldsymbol {\sigma }})}{3}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d00b53ca60cb2d62494044c99d0ec8228dbcd888.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:31.237ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}=\sigma _{m}\mathbf {1} +{\boldsymbol {\sigma }}^{\rm {D}},\quad \sigma _{m}={\frac {\mathrm {Sp} ({\boldsymbol {\sigma }})}{3}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Der Kugelanteil <i>σ<sub>m</sub></i><b>1</b> modelliert den sogenannten hydrostatischen <a href="Spannungszustand" title="Spannungszustand">Spannungszustand</a>, dem Materialien ohne Schaden zu nehmen in hohem Maß widerstehen können. Nach der <a href="Gestalt%C3%A4nderungshypothese" class="mw-redirect" title="Gestaltänderungshypothese">Gestaltänderungshypothese</a> wird die Schädigung eines isotropen Materials vom <a href="Spannungsdeviator" title="Spannungsdeviator">Spannungsdeviator</a> getrieben, dessen Betrag proportional zur von-Mises-<a href="Vergleichsspannung" title="Vergleichsspannung">Vergleichsspannung</a> ist.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Deviatoren und Kugelanteile sind <a href="Orthogonalit%C3%A4t" title="Orthogonalität">orthogonal</a> zueinander:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k\mathbf {1} \colon {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}^{\rm {D}}=k\mathbf {1} \colon \left({\boldsymbol {\sigma }}-\sigma _{m}\mathbf {1} \right)=k\mathrm {Sp} ({\boldsymbol {\sigma }})-3k\sigma _{m}=0\quad \forall k\in \mathbb {R} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mi>k</mi>
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</msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn mathvariant="bold">1</mn>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">S</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">p</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<mi>k</mi>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>m</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∀<!-- ∀ --></mi>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle k\mathbf {1} \colon {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}^{\rm {D}}=k\mathbf {1} \colon \left({\boldsymbol {\sigma }}-\sigma _{m}\mathbf {1} \right)=k\mathrm {Sp} ({\boldsymbol {\sigma }})-3k\sigma _{m}=0\quad \forall k\in \mathbb {R} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/fecda6215016f1a0fce9265739161ad55b31bd23.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:56.049ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k\mathbf {1} \colon {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}^{\rm {D}}=k\mathbf {1} \colon \left({\boldsymbol {\sigma }}-\sigma _{m}\mathbf {1} \right)=k\mathrm {Sp} ({\boldsymbol {\sigma }})-3k\sigma _{m}=0\quad \forall k\in \mathbb {R} }" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Der Doppelpunkt „:“ bildet das <a href="Frobenius-Skalarprodukt" title="Frobenius-Skalarprodukt">Frobenius-Skalarprodukt</a> zweier Tensoren <b>A</b> und <b>B</b> gemäß <b>A</b> : <b>B</b> := Sp(<b>A</b> <sup>T</sup> · <b>B</b>) mittels der <a href="Spur_(Mathematik)" title="Spur (Mathematik)">Spur</a> und daher <b>1</b> : <b>σ</b> = Sp(<b>σ</b>) sowie <b>1</b> : <b>1</b> = 3. Siehe auch <a href="#Invarianten_von_Deviatoren">#Invarianten von Deviatoren</a>.
</p><p>Statt der mittleren Normalspannung <i>σ<sub>m</sub></i> wird in der Fluidmechanik der <a href="Druck_(Physik)" title="Druck (Physik)">Druck</a> <i>p = -σ<sub>m</sub></i> verwendet, sodass
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}=-p\mathbf {1} +{\boldsymbol {\sigma }}^{\rm {D}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>p</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn mathvariant="bold">1</mn>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">D</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}=-p\mathbf {1} +{\boldsymbol {\sigma }}^{\rm {D}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8616556af069c2dc26437af523d88e1afe06cb75.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:14.93ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}=-p\mathbf {1} +{\boldsymbol {\sigma }}^{\rm {D}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>entsteht.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flächen_im_Eigenwertraum"><span id="Fl.C3.A4chen_im_Eigenwertraum"></span>Flächen im Eigenwertraum</h3></div>
<p>Betrachtet werden <a href="Symmetrische_Matrix" title="Symmetrische Matrix">symmetrische</a> Tensoren zweiter Stufe. Diese haben drei <i>reelle</i> <a href="Eigenwertproblem" class="mw-redirect" title="Eigenwertproblem">Eigenwerte</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \lambda _{1,2,3}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \lambda _{1,2,3}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6a778b0288d979c9ac3db5a2191d3d4d014d64f2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:4.968ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \lambda _{1,2,3}}" loading="lazy"></span> und stellen im Eigenwertraum (der Raum, in dem die Eigenwerte auf den drei Koordinatenachsen aufgetragen werden) einen Punkt dar.
</p><p>Mit der Gleichung
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \parallel \mathbf {T} ^{\rm {D}}\parallel =C}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">∥<!-- ∥ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">T</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">D</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>∥<!-- ∥ -->=</mo>
<mi>C</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \parallel \mathbf {T} ^{\rm {D}}\parallel =C}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3d22326731ebc9fd1e869a1b31b25eee04cf7ced.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.537ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \parallel \mathbf {T} ^{\rm {D}}\parallel =C}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>wird mit einem Flächenparameter <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle C}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>C</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle C}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4fc55753007cd3c18576f7933f6f089196732029.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.766ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle C}" loading="lazy"></span> eine <a href="Fl%C3%A4che_(Mathematik)" title="Fläche (Mathematik)">Fläche</a> in diesem drei-dimensionalen Eigenwertraum definiert, siehe Abbildung rechts. Diese Fläche hat die Form eines (unendlich langen) Zylinders, der Parallel zur <i>hydrostatischen Achse</i>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \lambda _{1}=\lambda _{2}=\lambda _{3}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \lambda _{1}=\lambda _{2}=\lambda _{3}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0825add6c66cc060f5a1a330574048fd88501672.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:13.425ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \lambda _{1}=\lambda _{2}=\lambda _{3}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>ausgerichtet ist. Wegen
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {Sp} (\mathbf {T} )=\lambda _{1}+\lambda _{2}+\lambda _{3}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">S</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">p</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">T</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {Sp} (\mathbf {T} )=\lambda _{1}+\lambda _{2}+\lambda _{3}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8409afb26411a69e7c4243b11bd42c5aef45428f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:22.261ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {Sp} (\mathbf {T} )=\lambda _{1}+\lambda _{2}+\lambda _{3}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>liegen alle Deviatoren in der <i>deviatorischen Ebene</i>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \lambda _{1}+\lambda _{2}+\lambda _{3}=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \lambda _{1}+\lambda _{2}+\lambda _{3}=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6967a964484cd7cf7077e64fb1fff53891a842bc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:17.17ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \lambda _{1}+\lambda _{2}+\lambda _{3}=0}" loading="lazy"></span>,</dd></dl>
<p>deren <a href="Normalenvektor" title="Normalenvektor">Normale</a> die hydrostatische Achse ist. Die Normalen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {N} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">N</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {N} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c2f63b6cd6d63ee9b7be0b7e4d14099d7153bd43.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.091ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {N} }" loading="lazy"></span> an die Fläche <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \parallel \mathbf {T} ^{\rm {D}}\parallel =C}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">∥<!-- ∥ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">T</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">D</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>∥<!-- ∥ -->=</mo>
<mi>C</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \parallel \mathbf {T} ^{\rm {D}}\parallel =C}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3d22326731ebc9fd1e869a1b31b25eee04cf7ced.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.537ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \parallel \mathbf {T} ^{\rm {D}}\parallel =C}" loading="lazy"></span> liegen in Ebenen, die zur deviatorischen Ebene parallel sind, weswegen die Normalen ebenfalls deviatorisch sind. Das berechnet sich auch aus der Ableitung<sup id="cite_ref-Frechet_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frechet-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {N} ={\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} \mathbf {T} }}\parallel \mathbf {T} ^{\rm {D}}\parallel ={\frac {\mathbf {T} ^{\rm {D}}}{\parallel \mathbf {T} ^{\rm {D}}\parallel }}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">N</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">T</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>∥<!-- ∥ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">T</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">D</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>∥<!-- ∥ -->=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">T</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">D</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">∥<!-- ∥ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">T</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">D</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">∥<!-- ∥ --></mo>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {N} ={\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} \mathbf {T} }}\parallel \mathbf {T} ^{\rm {D}}\parallel ={\frac {\mathbf {T} ^{\rm {D}}}{\parallel \mathbf {T} ^{\rm {D}}\parallel }}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d2a9fa6a1f0f0f697630aaf9f87737afe7bf4154.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:25.747ex; height:6.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {N} ={\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} \mathbf {T} }}\parallel \mathbf {T} ^{\rm {D}}\parallel ={\frac {\mathbf {T} ^{\rm {D}}}{\parallel \mathbf {T} ^{\rm {D}}\parallel }}}" loading="lazy"></span>,</dd></dl>
<p>weil die Normalen genau dieser Ableitung entsprechen.
</p><p>Eine Fläche dieses Typs ist die Fließortfläche in der J<sub>2</sub>-<a href="Plastizit%C3%A4tstheorie" title="Plastizitätstheorie">Plastizitätstheorie</a><sup id="cite_ref-plast_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plast-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sigma _{v}:={\sqrt {\frac {3}{2}}}\parallel {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}^{\rm {D}}\parallel =k}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>v</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>:=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mfrac>
<mn>3</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mo>∥<!-- ∥ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">D</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>∥<!-- ∥ -->=</mo>
<mi>k</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sigma _{v}:={\sqrt {\frac {3}{2}}}\parallel {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}^{\rm {D}}\parallel =k}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/930048dd62e9a2cb9d0a09027b4ce3ccac4f5224.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:21.432ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sigma _{v}:={\sqrt {\frac {3}{2}}}\parallel {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}^{\rm {D}}\parallel =k}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Der Flächenparameter <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>k</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle k}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c3c9a2c7b599b37105512c5d570edc034056dd40.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.211ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k}" loading="lazy"></span> ist die <i>isotrope Verfestigung</i>, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e45fe1b9d8dcbc3103fc7805d69798bfe5ca5b16.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.594ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}}" loading="lazy"></span> der (symmetrische) <a href="Spannungstensor" title="Spannungstensor">Spannungstensor</a> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sigma _{v}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>v</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sigma _{v}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/29532e0ac5aec48c0a3dbe9877f25ab99db94348.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.357ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sigma _{v}}" loading="lazy"></span> die von Mises <a href="Vergleichsspannung" title="Vergleichsspannung">Vergleichsspannung</a>. Im einachsigen Fall <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}=\sigma {\hat {e}}_{1}\otimes {\hat {e}}_{1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⊗<!-- ⊗ --></mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}=\sigma {\hat {e}}_{1}\otimes {\hat {e}}_{1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/aa0689b904d567c0d31aa712fde4962e945ad427.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:13.555ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}=\sigma {\hat {e}}_{1}\otimes {\hat {e}}_{1}}" loading="lazy"></span> ist
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sigma _{v}={\sqrt {\frac {3}{2}}}\parallel {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}^{\rm {D}}\parallel =|\sigma |}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>v</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mfrac>
<mn>3</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mo>∥<!-- ∥ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">D</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>∥<!-- ∥ -->=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sigma _{v}={\sqrt {\frac {3}{2}}}\parallel {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}^{\rm {D}}\parallel =|\sigma |}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4ab5d195defb06869c0ad84c0dff30622f1c70e7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:22.197ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sigma _{v}={\sqrt {\frac {3}{2}}}\parallel {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}^{\rm {D}}\parallel =|\sigma |}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>k</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle k}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c3c9a2c7b599b37105512c5d570edc034056dd40.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.211ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k}" loading="lazy"></span> modelliert die <a href="Flie%C3%9Fspannung" title="Fließspannung">Fließspannung</a>.
</p><p>Die hydrostatische Achse wird vom Einheitstensor und den <a href="Kugeltensor" title="Kugeltensor">Kugeltensoren</a> gebildet.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Invarianten_von_Deviatoren">Invarianten von Deviatoren</h3></div>
<p>Die drei <a href="Hauptinvariante" title="Hauptinvariante">Hauptinvarianten</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {I} _{1,2,3}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">I</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {I} _{1,2,3}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/fd0507d0a624a7e42032f9684e324e501458b389.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:4.453ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {I} _{1,2,3}}" loading="lazy"></span> eines Deviators lauten
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\mathrm {I} _{1}(\mathbf {T} ^{\rm {D}}):=&0\\\mathrm {I} _{2}(\mathbf {T} ^{\rm {D}})=&-{\frac {1}{2}}\mathrm {Sp} (\mathbf {T} ^{\rm {D}}\cdot \mathbf {T} ^{\rm {D}})\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!&=&{\frac {\mathrm {I} _{1}(\mathbf {T} )^{2}}{6}}-{\frac {\mathrm {Sp} (\mathbf {T} ^{2})}{2}}\\\mathrm {I} _{3}(\mathbf {T} ^{\rm {D}})=&{\frac {1}{3}}\operatorname {Sp} (\mathbf {T} ^{\rm {D}}\cdot \mathbf {T} ^{\rm {D}}\cdot \mathbf {T} ^{\rm {D}})\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!&=&{\frac {2\mathrm {I} _{1}(\mathbf {T} )^{3}}{27}}-{\frac {I_{1}(\mathbf {T} )I_{2}(\mathbf {T} )}{3}}+I_{3}(\mathbf {T} )\end{aligned}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtable columnalign="right left right left right left right left right left right left" rowspacing="3pt" columnspacing="0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em" displaystyle="true">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">I</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">T</mi>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">D</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>:=</mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">I</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">T</mi>
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<mi mathvariant="normal">D</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">S</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">p</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">T</mi>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">D</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">T</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">D</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>=</mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">I</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">T</mi>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mn>6</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">S</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">p</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">T</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">I</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">T</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">D</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>3</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mi>Sp</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">T</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">D</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">T</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">D</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">T</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">D</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>=</mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">I</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">T</mi>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mn>27</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>I</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">T</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<msub>
<mi>I</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">T</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>3</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>I</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">T</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\mathrm {I} _{1}(\mathbf {T} ^{\rm {D}}):=&0\\\mathrm {I} _{2}(\mathbf {T} ^{\rm {D}})=&-{\frac {1}{2}}\mathrm {Sp} (\mathbf {T} ^{\rm {D}}\cdot \mathbf {T} ^{\rm {D}})\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!&=&{\frac {\mathrm {I} _{1}(\mathbf {T} )^{2}}{6}}-{\frac {\mathrm {Sp} (\mathbf {T} ^{2})}{2}}\\\mathrm {I} _{3}(\mathbf {T} ^{\rm {D}})=&{\frac {1}{3}}\operatorname {Sp} (\mathbf {T} ^{\rm {D}}\cdot \mathbf {T} ^{\rm {D}}\cdot \mathbf {T} ^{\rm {D}})\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!&=&{\frac {2\mathrm {I} _{1}(\mathbf {T} )^{3}}{27}}-{\frac {I_{1}(\mathbf {T} )I_{2}(\mathbf {T} )}{3}}+I_{3}(\mathbf {T} )\end{aligned}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0298a4a3c23a26e917b34beda931883851030d46.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -7.171ex; width:66.033ex; height:15.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\mathrm {I} _{1}(\mathbf {T} ^{\rm {D}}):=&0\\\mathrm {I} _{2}(\mathbf {T} ^{\rm {D}})=&-{\frac {1}{2}}\mathrm {Sp} (\mathbf {T} ^{\rm {D}}\cdot \mathbf {T} ^{\rm {D}})\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!&=&{\frac {\mathrm {I} _{1}(\mathbf {T} )^{2}}{6}}-{\frac {\mathrm {Sp} (\mathbf {T} ^{2})}{2}}\\\mathrm {I} _{3}(\mathbf {T} ^{\rm {D}})=&{\frac {1}{3}}\operatorname {Sp} (\mathbf {T} ^{\rm {D}}\cdot \mathbf {T} ^{\rm {D}}\cdot \mathbf {T} ^{\rm {D}})\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!&=&{\frac {2\mathrm {I} _{1}(\mathbf {T} )^{3}}{27}}-{\frac {I_{1}(\mathbf {T} )I_{2}(\mathbf {T} )}{3}}+I_{3}(\mathbf {T} )\end{aligned}}}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Der Operator <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \operatorname {det} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>det</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \operatorname {det} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6b07c0aa626511a8d013ee84b7d25a2de8d47b9e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.23ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \operatorname {det} }" loading="lazy"></span> gibt die <a href="Determinante" title="Determinante">Determinante</a> seines Argumentes. Der Betrag oder <a href="Frobeniusnorm" title="Frobeniusnorm">Frobeniusnorm</a> eines Deviators berechnet sich mit dem <a href="Frobenius-Skalarprodukt" title="Frobenius-Skalarprodukt">Frobenius-Skalarprodukt</a> „:“ zu
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \parallel \mathbf {T} ^{\rm {D}}\parallel ={\sqrt {\mathbf {T} ^{\rm {D}}:\mathbf {T} ^{\rm {D}}}}={\sqrt {\mathbf {T} :\mathbf {T} -{\frac {1}{3}}\mathrm {Sp} (\mathbf {T} )^{2}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">∥<!-- ∥ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">T</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">D</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>∥<!-- ∥ -->=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">T</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">D</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>:</mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">T</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">D</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msup>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">T</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>:</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">T</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>3</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">S</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">p</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">T</mi>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \parallel \mathbf {T} ^{\rm {D}}\parallel ={\sqrt {\mathbf {T} ^{\rm {D}}:\mathbf {T} ^{\rm {D}}}}={\sqrt {\mathbf {T} :\mathbf {T} -{\frac {1}{3}}\mathrm {Sp} (\mathbf {T} )^{2}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/67d769a35468b76f4b2cab050aab8cb647f0ee50.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:42.95ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \parallel \mathbf {T} ^{\rm {D}}\parallel ={\sqrt {\mathbf {T} ^{\rm {D}}:\mathbf {T} ^{\rm {D}}}}={\sqrt {\mathbf {T} :\mathbf {T} -{\frac {1}{3}}\mathrm {Sp} (\mathbf {T} )^{2}}}}" loading="lazy"></span>,</dd></dl>
<p>woraus
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \parallel \mathbf {T} \parallel ^{2}=\parallel \mathbf {T} ^{\rm {D}}\parallel ^{2}+{\begin{Vmatrix}{\frac {{\text{Sp}}(\mathbf {T} )}{3}}\mathbf {1} \end{Vmatrix}}^{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">∥<!-- ∥ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">T</mi>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mo>∥<!-- ∥ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=∥<!-- ∥ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">T</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">D</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mo>∥<!-- ∥ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo symmetric="true">‖</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>Sp</mtext>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">T</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>3</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn mathvariant="bold">1</mn>
</mrow>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo symmetric="true">‖</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \parallel \mathbf {T} \parallel ^{2}=\parallel \mathbf {T} ^{\rm {D}}\parallel ^{2}+{\begin{Vmatrix}{\frac {{\text{Sp}}(\mathbf {T} )}{3}}\mathbf {1} \end{Vmatrix}}^{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b69c168f60c36470e77a1f7d39376465277c7d1f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.505ex; width:28.887ex; height:4.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \parallel \mathbf {T} \parallel ^{2}=\parallel \mathbf {T} ^{\rm {D}}\parallel ^{2}+{\begin{Vmatrix}{\frac {{\text{Sp}}(\mathbf {T} )}{3}}\mathbf {1} \end{Vmatrix}}^{2}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>folgt. Drei Strecken mit den Längen der Beträge eines Tensors, seines Deviators und seines Kugelanteils bilden also ein <a href="Rechtwinkliges_Dreieck" title="Rechtwinkliges Dreieck">rechtwinkliges Dreieck</a>.
</p><p>Bei einem symmetrischen Tensor <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {T} =\mathbf {T} ^{\mathrm {T} }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">T</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">T</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">T</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {T} =\mathbf {T} ^{\mathrm {T} }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3f36fb2043e34dce7ea3e557fd72e44f7693f804.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:8.236ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {T} =\mathbf {T} ^{\mathrm {T} }}" loading="lazy"></span> ist auch dessen Deviator symmetrisch und für dessen Frobeniusnorm ergibt sich:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \parallel \mathbf {T} ^{\rm {D}}\parallel :={\sqrt {\mathbf {T} ^{\rm {D}}:\mathbf {T} ^{\rm {D}}}}={\sqrt {-2\mathrm {I} _{2}(\mathbf {T} ^{\rm {D}})}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">∥<!-- ∥ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">T</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">D</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>∥<!-- ∥ -->:=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">T</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">D</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>:</mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">T</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">D</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msup>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">I</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">T</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">D</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \parallel \mathbf {T} ^{\rm {D}}\parallel :={\sqrt {\mathbf {T} ^{\rm {D}}:\mathbf {T} ^{\rm {D}}}}={\sqrt {-2\mathrm {I} _{2}(\mathbf {T} ^{\rm {D}})}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f0ca3562ea223cfd11735297158e0469235a64ca.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.671ex; width:35.815ex; height:4.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \parallel \mathbf {T} ^{\rm {D}}\parallel :={\sqrt {\mathbf {T} ^{\rm {D}}:\mathbf {T} ^{\rm {D}}}}={\sqrt {-2\mathrm {I} _{2}(\mathbf {T} ^{\rm {D}})}}}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Wenn der Tensor die Darstellung
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {T} =\sum _{i,j=1}^{3}T_{ij}{\hat {e}}_{i}\otimes {\hat {e}}_{j}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">T</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<munderover>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>j</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<msub>
<mi>T</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⊗<!-- ⊗ --></mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
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</mrow>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {T} =\sum _{i,j=1}^{3}T_{ij}{\hat {e}}_{i}\otimes {\hat {e}}_{j}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/45dc4e192aa9515d304e290a2cf35c9da88976e8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.338ex; width:19.115ex; height:7.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {T} =\sum _{i,j=1}^{3}T_{ij}{\hat {e}}_{i}\otimes {\hat {e}}_{j}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>mit Komponenten <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T_{ij}\in \mathbb {R} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>T</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T_{ij}\in \mathbb {R} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/41383c416b3f23bcf6d465f4af43abf762683ed8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:7.353ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T_{ij}\in \mathbb {R} }" loading="lazy"></span> bezüglich der <a href="Standardbasis" title="Standardbasis">Standardbasis</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {e}}_{1,2,3}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {e}}_{1,2,3}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/91ec2fd7cc46b4427cfd09bab244026d27d81519.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:4.905ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {e}}_{1,2,3}}" loading="lazy"></span> des <a href="Pr%C3%A4hilbertraum" title="Prähilbertraum">euklidischen Vektorraums</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbb {V} ^{3}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">V</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbb {V} ^{3}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a458f6c9ca144bd96fc4b28948f0769bc9ca66ab.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.732ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {V} ^{3}}" loading="lazy"></span> besitzt, dann berechnen sich
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\mathbf {T} ^{\rm {D}}=&{\begin{pmatrix}{\frac {2}{3}}T_{11}-{\frac {1}{3}}T_{22}-{\frac {1}{3}}T_{33}&T_{12}&T_{13}\\T_{21}&{\frac {2}{3}}T_{22}-{\frac {1}{3}}T_{11}-{\frac {1}{3}}T_{33}&T_{23}\\T_{31}&T_{32}&{\frac {2}{3}}T_{33}-{\frac {1}{3}}T_{11}-{\frac {1}{3}}T_{22}\end{pmatrix}}\\\mathrm {I} _{2}(\mathbf {T} ^{\rm {D}})=&{\frac {1}{3}}(T_{11}T_{22}+T_{11}T_{33}+T_{22}T_{33}-T_{11}^{2}-T_{22}^{2}-T_{33}^{2})-T_{12}T_{21}-T_{13}T_{31}-T_{23}T_{32}\\\operatorname {det} (\mathbf {T} ^{\rm {D}})=&{\frac {1}{27}}[12T_{11}T_{22}T_{33}+2(T_{11}^{3}+T_{22}^{3}+T_{33}^{3})-3T_{11}^{2}(T_{22}+T_{33})-3T_{22}^{2}(T_{11}+T_{33})-3T_{33}^{2}(T_{11}+T_{22})]\\&-{\frac {1}{3}}[(2T_{11}-T_{22}-T_{33})T_{23}T_{32}+(2T_{33}-T_{11}-T_{22})T_{12}T_{21}+(2T_{22}-T_{11}-T_{33})T_{13}T_{31}]\\&+T_{13}T_{32}T_{21}+T_{12}T_{23}T_{31}\\\parallel \mathbf {T} ^{\rm {D}}\parallel =&{\sqrt {{\frac {2}{3}}(T_{11}^{2}+T_{22}^{2}+T_{33}^{2}-T_{11}T_{22}-T_{11}T_{33}-T_{22}T_{33})+T_{12}^{2}+T_{21}^{2}+T_{13}^{2}+T_{31}^{2}+T_{23}^{2}+T_{32}^{2}}}\end{aligned}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtable columnalign="right left right left right left right left right left right left" rowspacing="3pt" columnspacing="0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em" displaystyle="true">
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<mi mathvariant="normal">D</mi>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>11</mn>
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<mtr>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">I</mi>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<msub>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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</mrow>
</msub>
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<msub>
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</msub>
<msub>
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</mrow>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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</mtr>
<mtr>
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<mtd>
<mi></mi>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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</mrow>
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<msub>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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</mrow>
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<msub>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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</mrow>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mo stretchy="false">∥<!-- ∥ --></mo>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">T</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">D</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
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<mo>∥<!-- ∥ -->=</mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
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<mo>+</mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>T</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>22</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>T</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>33</mn>
</mrow>
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</mrow>
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<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<msub>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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</mrow>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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</mrow>
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<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>T</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>22</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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</mrow>
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<msubsup>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mo>+</mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>T</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>21</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mo>+</mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>T</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>13</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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</msubsup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>T</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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</mrow>
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<mn>2</mn>
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<mo>+</mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>T</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>23</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
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<mo>+</mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>T</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>32</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
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</msqrt>
</mrow>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\mathbf {T} ^{\rm {D}}=&{\begin{pmatrix}{\frac {2}{3}}T_{11}-{\frac {1}{3}}T_{22}-{\frac {1}{3}}T_{33}&T_{12}&T_{13}\\T_{21}&{\frac {2}{3}}T_{22}-{\frac {1}{3}}T_{11}-{\frac {1}{3}}T_{33}&T_{23}\\T_{31}&T_{32}&{\frac {2}{3}}T_{33}-{\frac {1}{3}}T_{11}-{\frac {1}{3}}T_{22}\end{pmatrix}}\\\mathrm {I} _{2}(\mathbf {T} ^{\rm {D}})=&{\frac {1}{3}}(T_{11}T_{22}+T_{11}T_{33}+T_{22}T_{33}-T_{11}^{2}-T_{22}^{2}-T_{33}^{2})-T_{12}T_{21}-T_{13}T_{31}-T_{23}T_{32}\\\operatorname {det} (\mathbf {T} ^{\rm {D}})=&{\frac {1}{27}}[12T_{11}T_{22}T_{33}+2(T_{11}^{3}+T_{22}^{3}+T_{33}^{3})-3T_{11}^{2}(T_{22}+T_{33})-3T_{22}^{2}(T_{11}+T_{33})-3T_{33}^{2}(T_{11}+T_{22})]\\&-{\frac {1}{3}}[(2T_{11}-T_{22}-T_{33})T_{23}T_{32}+(2T_{33}-T_{11}-T_{22})T_{12}T_{21}+(2T_{22}-T_{11}-T_{33})T_{13}T_{31}]\\&+T_{13}T_{32}T_{21}+T_{12}T_{23}T_{31}\\\parallel \mathbf {T} ^{\rm {D}}\parallel =&{\sqrt {{\frac {2}{3}}(T_{11}^{2}+T_{22}^{2}+T_{33}^{2}-T_{11}T_{22}-T_{11}T_{33}-T_{22}T_{33})+T_{12}^{2}+T_{21}^{2}+T_{13}^{2}+T_{31}^{2}+T_{23}^{2}+T_{32}^{2}}}\end{aligned}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/08d96e1beaded9ebd64bc1e32300f0c274dc44d4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -18.171ex; width:104.327ex; height:37.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\mathbf {T} ^{\rm {D}}=&{\begin{pmatrix}{\frac {2}{3}}T_{11}-{\frac {1}{3}}T_{22}-{\frac {1}{3}}T_{33}&T_{12}&T_{13}\\T_{21}&{\frac {2}{3}}T_{22}-{\frac {1}{3}}T_{11}-{\frac {1}{3}}T_{33}&T_{23}\\T_{31}&T_{32}&{\frac {2}{3}}T_{33}-{\frac {1}{3}}T_{11}-{\frac {1}{3}}T_{22}\end{pmatrix}}\\\mathrm {I} _{2}(\mathbf {T} ^{\rm {D}})=&{\frac {1}{3}}(T_{11}T_{22}+T_{11}T_{33}+T_{22}T_{33}-T_{11}^{2}-T_{22}^{2}-T_{33}^{2})-T_{12}T_{21}-T_{13}T_{31}-T_{23}T_{32}\\\operatorname {det} (\mathbf {T} ^{\rm {D}})=&{\frac {1}{27}}[12T_{11}T_{22}T_{33}+2(T_{11}^{3}+T_{22}^{3}+T_{33}^{3})-3T_{11}^{2}(T_{22}+T_{33})-3T_{22}^{2}(T_{11}+T_{33})-3T_{33}^{2}(T_{11}+T_{22})]\\&-{\frac {1}{3}}[(2T_{11}-T_{22}-T_{33})T_{23}T_{32}+(2T_{33}-T_{11}-T_{22})T_{12}T_{21}+(2T_{22}-T_{11}-T_{33})T_{13}T_{31}]\\&+T_{13}T_{32}T_{21}+T_{12}T_{23}T_{31}\\\parallel \mathbf {T} ^{\rm {D}}\parallel =&{\sqrt {{\frac {2}{3}}(T_{11}^{2}+T_{22}^{2}+T_{33}^{2}-T_{11}T_{22}-T_{11}T_{33}-T_{22}T_{33})+T_{12}^{2}+T_{21}^{2}+T_{13}^{2}+T_{31}^{2}+T_{23}^{2}+T_{32}^{2}}}\end{aligned}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anwendungen">Anwendungen</h2></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deviatoren_und_Volumendehnung">Deviatoren und Volumendehnung</h3></div>
<p>Bei der Streckung eines Körpers der Länge <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>L</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/103168b86f781fe6e9a4a87b8ea1cebe0ad4ede8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.583ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L}" loading="lazy"></span> auf die Länge <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle l}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>l</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle l}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/829091f745070b9eb97a80244129025440a1cfac.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.693ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle l}" loading="lazy"></span> ist die <a href="Dehnung" title="Dehnung">Dehnung</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varepsilon }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varepsilon }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a30c89172e5b88edbd45d3e2772c7f5e562e5173.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.083ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varepsilon }" loading="lazy"></span> als das Längenverhältnis
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varepsilon ={\frac {l-L}{L}}\quad \leftrightarrow \quad l=L(1+\varepsilon )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>l</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>L</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>L</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<mo stretchy="false">↔<!-- ↔ --></mo>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<mi>l</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>L</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varepsilon ={\frac {l-L}{L}}\quad \leftrightarrow \quad l=L(1+\varepsilon )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a6b590a38c987018bec576f12086681192521f6a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:30.664ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varepsilon ={\frac {l-L}{L}}\quad \leftrightarrow \quad l=L(1+\varepsilon )}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>definiert. Bei der Verformung eines Quaders der Länge <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>L</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/103168b86f781fe6e9a4a87b8ea1cebe0ad4ede8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.583ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L}" loading="lazy"></span>, Breite <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle B}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>B</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle B}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/47136aad860d145f75f3eed3022df827cee94d7a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.764ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle B}" loading="lazy"></span> und Höhe <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>H</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/75a9edddcca2f782014371f75dca39d7e13a9c1b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H}" loading="lazy"></span> in x-, y- und z-Richtung (und daher Volumen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V=LBH}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>V</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>L</mi>
<mi>B</mi>
<mi>H</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V=LBH}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/699c36cd8fca1d296918a95f681a53bbdd5239ad.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:10.296ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V=LBH}" loading="lazy"></span>) ergeben sich analog Dehnungen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varepsilon _{x},\varepsilon _{y}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>y</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varepsilon _{x},\varepsilon _{y}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f9d9ae021092cb88fd0a801a8666c3dfdaca436d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:5.423ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varepsilon _{x},\varepsilon _{y}}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varepsilon _{z}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varepsilon _{z}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/df56045777a3d3129a56490d7103db401d5b16d2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.085ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varepsilon _{z}}" loading="lazy"></span> in x-, y- und z-Richtung, siehe Abbildung rechts. Das Volumen des Quaders nach der Deformation berechnet sich dann aus
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{array}{rcl}v&=&L(1+\varepsilon _{x})B(1+\varepsilon _{y})H(1+\varepsilon _{z})\\&=&LBH+LBH\varepsilon _{x}+LBH\varepsilon _{y}+LBH\varepsilon _{z}+{\mathcal {O}}(\varepsilon ^{2})\\&=&V(1+\varepsilon _{x}+\varepsilon _{y}+\varepsilon _{z})+{\mathcal {O}}(\varepsilon ^{2})\end{array}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtable columnalign="right center left" rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>v</mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>=</mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi>L</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mi>B</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>y</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mi>H</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>=</mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi>L</mi>
<mi>B</mi>
<mi>H</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>L</mi>
<mi>B</mi>
<mi>H</mi>
<msub>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>L</mi>
<mi>B</mi>
<mi>H</mi>
<msub>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>y</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>L</mi>
<mi>B</mi>
<mi>H</mi>
<msub>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">O</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>=</mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi>V</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>y</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">O</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{array}{rcl}v&=&L(1+\varepsilon _{x})B(1+\varepsilon _{y})H(1+\varepsilon _{z})\\&=&LBH+LBH\varepsilon _{x}+LBH\varepsilon _{y}+LBH\varepsilon _{z}+{\mathcal {O}}(\varepsilon ^{2})\\&=&V(1+\varepsilon _{x}+\varepsilon _{y}+\varepsilon _{z})+{\mathcal {O}}(\varepsilon ^{2})\end{array}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ec451d263c3c3bf6a8f9514ded7c325973d9b363.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -4.505ex; width:53.607ex; height:10.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{array}{rcl}v&=&L(1+\varepsilon _{x})B(1+\varepsilon _{y})H(1+\varepsilon _{z})\\&=&LBH+LBH\varepsilon _{x}+LBH\varepsilon _{y}+LBH\varepsilon _{z}+{\mathcal {O}}(\varepsilon ^{2})\\&=&V(1+\varepsilon _{x}+\varepsilon _{y}+\varepsilon _{z})+{\mathcal {O}}(\varepsilon ^{2})\end{array}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Das <a href="Landau-Symbole" title="Landau-Symbole">Landau-Symbol</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {O}}(\varepsilon ^{2})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">O</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathcal {O}}(\varepsilon ^{2})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e254d5ac25796830898487d4a0de1153efd90c25.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.797ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {O}}(\varepsilon ^{2})}" loading="lazy"></span> steht für Terme, die mindestens quadratisch in den Dehnungen sind und die bei kleinen Dehnungen vernachlässigt werden können. Die Summe der Dehnungen in x-, y- und z-Richtung ist die Spur <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {Sp} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">S</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">p</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {Sp} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b89cef03660ff1ddca7d81ed43405acfde191cf7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.585ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {Sp} }" loading="lazy"></span> des linearisierten Verzerrungstensors
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\varepsilon }}={\begin{pmatrix}\varepsilon _{x}&\varepsilon _{xy}&\varepsilon _{xz}\\\varepsilon _{xy}&\varepsilon _{y}&\varepsilon _{yz}\\\varepsilon _{xy}&\varepsilon _{yz}&\varepsilon _{z}\end{pmatrix}}\rightarrow \mathrm {Sp} ({\boldsymbol {\varepsilon }})=\varepsilon _{x}+\varepsilon _{y}+\varepsilon _{z}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">ε<!-- ε --></mi>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
<mi>y</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
<mi>y</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>y</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>y</mi>
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
<mi>y</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>y</mi>
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">S</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">p</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">ε<!-- ε --></mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>y</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\varepsilon }}={\begin{pmatrix}\varepsilon _{x}&\varepsilon _{xy}&\varepsilon _{xz}\\\varepsilon _{xy}&\varepsilon _{y}&\varepsilon _{yz}\\\varepsilon _{xy}&\varepsilon _{yz}&\varepsilon _{z}\end{pmatrix}}\rightarrow \mathrm {Sp} ({\boldsymbol {\varepsilon }})=\varepsilon _{x}+\varepsilon _{y}+\varepsilon _{z}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6dcf550f4d5d21fa9e959d10a936713344ee0485.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -4.338ex; width:47.455ex; height:9.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\varepsilon }}={\begin{pmatrix}\varepsilon _{x}&\varepsilon _{xy}&\varepsilon _{xz}\\\varepsilon _{xy}&\varepsilon _{y}&\varepsilon _{yz}\\\varepsilon _{xy}&\varepsilon _{yz}&\varepsilon _{z}\end{pmatrix}}\rightarrow \mathrm {Sp} ({\boldsymbol {\varepsilon }})=\varepsilon _{x}+\varepsilon _{y}+\varepsilon _{z}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>und deshalb ergibt sich aus <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v=V(1+\mathrm {Sp} ({\boldsymbol {\varepsilon }}))}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>v</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>V</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">S</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">p</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">ε<!-- ε --></mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v=V(1+\mathrm {Sp} ({\boldsymbol {\varepsilon }}))}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c295fdf3a2ff405ddc2c1d7f4ddea418072070b5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:17.45ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v=V(1+\mathrm {Sp} ({\boldsymbol {\varepsilon }}))}" loading="lazy"></span> die <a href="Volumendehnung" title="Volumendehnung">Volumendehnung</a>:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {v-V}{V}}=\mathrm {Sp} ({\boldsymbol {\varepsilon }})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>V</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>V</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">S</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">p</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">ε<!-- ε --></mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {v-V}{V}}=\mathrm {Sp} ({\boldsymbol {\varepsilon }})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b0c85c482e700b76a0f420d4e8baa08e300966cf.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:15.314ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {v-V}{V}}=\mathrm {Sp} ({\boldsymbol {\varepsilon }})}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Bei großen Verformungen findet sich der Zusammenhang
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \ln \left({\frac {v}{V}}\right)=\mathrm {Sp} (\mathbf {E} _{H})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
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<mo>(</mo>
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<mfrac>
<mi>v</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \ln \left({\frac {v}{V}}\right)=\mathrm {Sp} (\mathbf {E} _{H})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/80877242e7eba513c8c49c344dcc81ad8b49e65c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:18.28ex; height:5.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \ln \left({\frac {v}{V}}\right)=\mathrm {Sp} (\mathbf {E} _{H})}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>zwischen dem <a href="Nat%C3%BCrlicher_Logarithmus" class="mw-redirect" title="Natürlicher Logarithmus">natürlichen Logarithmus</a> des Volumenverhältnisses und der Spur des <a href="Verzerrungstensor" title="Verzerrungstensor">Henky Verzerrungstensors</a>.
</p><p>Wenn die Spuren der Verzerrungstensoren <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\varepsilon }}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">ε<!-- ε --></mi>
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</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\varepsilon }}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8445af5ff7da70714382bc35e78bedcacf68e825.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.23ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\varepsilon }}}" loading="lazy"></span> oder <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {E} _{H}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">E</mi>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>H</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {E} _{H}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/03e249c3fbdd6804a421fe62d2f49bb655c83f64.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.448ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {E} _{H}}" loading="lazy"></span> bei kleinen bzw. großen Verformungen verschwinden, sie <i>deviatorisch</i> sind, liegt also keine Volumendehnung am Ort ihres Auftretens vor. Umgekehrt beschreiben die Deviatoren dieser Verzerrungstensoren den volumenerhaltenden, gestaltändernden Teil der Deformation und können somit für die Modellierung des Materialverhaltens unter diesen Bedingungen eingesetzt werden.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deviator_des_Geschwindigkeitsgradienten">Deviator des Geschwindigkeitsgradienten</h3></div>
<p>Der <a href="Geschwindigkeitsgradient" title="Geschwindigkeitsgradient">Geschwindigkeitsgradient</a> <b>l</b> ist der <a href="Vektorgradient" title="Vektorgradient">Vektorgradient</a> des <a href="Geschwindigkeit" title="Geschwindigkeit">Geschwindigkeits</a>feldes. Eine in der <a href="Str%C3%B6mungsmechanik" title="Strömungsmechanik">Strömungsmechanik</a> wichtige Eigenschaft des Feldes ist die Quellendichte oder <a href="Divergenz_eines_Vektorfeldes" title="Divergenz eines Vektorfeldes">Divergenz des Feldes</a>, die an jedem Punkt angibt, wie sehr die Vektoren in einer kleinen Umgebung eines Punktes auseinanderstreben (<span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal"><a href="Latein" title="Latein">lateinisch</a></span> <span lang="la-Latn" style="font-style:italic">divergere</span>). Mathematisch lässt sich das als
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (\mathrm {d} V{\dot {)\;}}=\mathrm {Sp} (\mathbf {l} )\mathrm {d} V=(\nabla \cdot {\vec {v}})\mathrm {d} V}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
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<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
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<mi>V</mi>
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<mover>
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<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
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<mo>=</mo>
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<mi mathvariant="normal">p</mi>
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<mi mathvariant="bold">l</mi>
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<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
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<mi>V</mi>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
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<mi>V</mi>
</mstyle>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (\mathrm {d} V{\dot {)\;}}=\mathrm {Sp} (\mathbf {l} )\mathrm {d} V=(\nabla \cdot {\vec {v}})\mathrm {d} V}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ff8204023f5c4d5c9fc1efa9a1246f2cea51f849.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:29.627ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (\mathrm {d} V{\dot {)\;}}=\mathrm {Sp} (\mathbf {l} )\mathrm {d} V=(\nabla \cdot {\vec {v}})\mathrm {d} V}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>schreiben. Darin ist d<i>V</i> ein von Teilchen eingenommenes (infinitesimal) kleines Volumen, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (\mathrm {d} V{\dot {)\;}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>V</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
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<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (\mathrm {d} V{\dot {)\;}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/461199d64905386c1dabc816f6fb784f3b002afb.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.534ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (\mathrm {d} V{\dot {)\;}}}" loading="lazy"></span> dessen <a href="Zeitableitung" title="Zeitableitung">Zeitableitung</a> also Expansionsrate und 𝜵 der <a href="Nabla-Operator" title="Nabla-Operator">Nabla-Operator</a>, dessen (formales) <a href="Skalarprodukt" title="Skalarprodukt">Skalarprodukt</a> „·“ mit dem Geschwindigkeitsfeld <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {v}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {v}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/85820588abd7333ef4d0c56539cb31c20e730753.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.175ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {v}}}" loading="lazy"></span> dessen Divergenz ergibt. Wenn der Geschwindigkeitsgradient deviatorisch also spurfrei ist, dann ist das <a href="Geschwindigkeitsfeld" title="Geschwindigkeitsfeld">Geschwindigkeitsfeld</a> quellenfrei.
</p><p>Gleiches gilt für den <i>Verzerrungsgeschwindigkeitstensor</i> <b>d</b>, der der <a href="Symmetrische_Matrix#Symmetrische_Tensoren" title="Symmetrische Matrix">symmetrische Anteil</a> des Geschwindigkeitsgradienten ist. Der Verzerrungsgeschwindigkeitstensor wird in <a href="Materialmodell" title="Materialmodell">Materialmodellen</a> von <a href="Fluid" title="Fluid">Fluiden</a>, also Flüssigkeiten und Gasen, eingesetzt. Mit seinem deviatorischen Anteil wird der quellenfreie Anteil der Strömung modelliert, beispielsweise im <a href="Newtonsches_Fluid" title="Newtonsches Fluid">newtonschen Fluid</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}=-p\mathbf {1} +\zeta \operatorname {Sp} (\mathbf {d} )\mathbf {1} +2\mu \mathbf {d} ^{\rm {D}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">σ<!-- σ --></mi>
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<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>p</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn mathvariant="bold">1</mn>
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<mo>+</mo>
<mi>ζ<!-- ζ --></mi>
<mi>Sp</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
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<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}=-p\mathbf {1} +\zeta \operatorname {Sp} (\mathbf {d} )\mathbf {1} +2\mu \mathbf {d} ^{\rm {D}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b8639a692dba118c97a0e1d0df18a43cf683ac9a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:28.924ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}=-p\mathbf {1} +\zeta \operatorname {Sp} (\mathbf {d} )\mathbf {1} +2\mu \mathbf {d} ^{\rm {D}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Darin bezeichnet <b>σ</b> den Cauchy’schen <a href="Spannungstensor" title="Spannungstensor">Spannungstensor</a>, <i>p</i> den thermodynamischen, statischen <a href="Druck_(Physik)" title="Druck (Physik)">Druck</a>, <i>ζ</i> die <a href="Volumenviskosit%C3%A4t" title="Volumenviskosität">Volumenviskosität</a> und <i>μ</i> die <a href="Scherviskosit%C3%A4t" class="mw-redirect" title="Scherviskosität">Scherviskosität</a>. Der zweite und dritte Term modellieren die <a href="Viskosit%C3%A4t" title="Viskosität">Viskosität</a> des Fluids, d. h. die Spannungen, die von der Viskosität des Fluids verursacht sind und die nur im Ungleichgewicht auftreten, also solange das Fluid in Bewegung ist. Der zweite Term steht für allseitige divergenzproportionale <a href="Normalspannung" class="mw-redirect" title="Normalspannung">Normalspannungen</a> aufgrund von Kompression oder Expansion und der dritte für <a href="Spannung_(Mechanik)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spannung (Mechanik)">Spannungen</a> im divergenzfreien Anteil des Strömungsfeldes. Aus diesem Materialmodell leiten sich die <a href="Navier-Stokes-Gleichungen#Herleitung_der_Impulsgleichung" title="Navier-Stokes-Gleichungen">Navier-Stokes-Gleichungen</a> ab.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deviatorische_Verzerrungsgeschwindigkeit">Deviatorische Verzerrungsgeschwindigkeit</h3></div>
<p>Eine kleine Deformation, bei der die Rate des linearisierten <a href="Verzerrungstensor" title="Verzerrungstensor">Verzerrungstensors</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\varepsilon }}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">ε<!-- ε --></mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\varepsilon }}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8445af5ff7da70714382bc35e78bedcacf68e825.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.23ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\varepsilon }}}" loading="lazy"></span> deviatorisch ist, ist volumenerhaltend, weil seine Spur ein Maß für die Kompression am Ort seines Auftretens ist. Dies gilt auch bei großen Deformationen, wenn die <a href="Euklidische_Transformation" title="Euklidische Transformation">kovariante Oldroyd Ableitung</a> des <a href="Verzerrungstensor" title="Verzerrungstensor">Euler-Almansi Verzerrungstensors</a>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\stackrel {\Delta }{\mathbf {e} }}={\frac {1}{2}}(\mathbf {l} +\mathbf {l} ^{\mathrm {T} })\quad {\text{mit}}\quad \mathbf {l} ={\dot {\mathbf {F} }}\cdot \mathbf {F} ^{-1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
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<mi mathvariant="bold">e</mi>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
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<mo>=</mo>
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<mo>=</mo>
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<mover>
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<mi mathvariant="bold">F</mi>
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<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
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<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">F</mi>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
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</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\stackrel {\Delta }{\mathbf {e} }}={\frac {1}{2}}(\mathbf {l} +\mathbf {l} ^{\mathrm {T} })\quad {\text{mit}}\quad \mathbf {l} ={\dot {\mathbf {F} }}\cdot \mathbf {F} ^{-1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7e85ffb3e8e990eb049c283778201f202dda6b57.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:33.369ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\stackrel {\Delta }{\mathbf {e} }}={\frac {1}{2}}(\mathbf {l} +\mathbf {l} ^{\mathrm {T} })\quad {\text{mit}}\quad \mathbf {l} ={\dot {\mathbf {F} }}\cdot \mathbf {F} ^{-1}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>deviatorisch ist. Darin ist <b>l</b> der <a href="Geschwindigkeitsgradient" title="Geschwindigkeitsgradient">Geschwindigkeitsgradient</a>. Wenn <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\stackrel {\Delta }{\mathbf {e} }}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL">
<mover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-OP MJX-fixedlimits">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">e</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
</mrow>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\stackrel {\Delta }{\mathbf {e} }}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/60a780b8e7fbb76ee00233779b815fe749f27f87.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.369ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\stackrel {\Delta }{\mathbf {e} }}}" loading="lazy"></span> deviatorisch ist, ist die Deformation volumenerhaltend, denn dann verschwindet wegen
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}0=&\mathrm {Sp} ({\stackrel {\Delta }{\mathbf {e} }})=\mathrm {Sp} (\mathbf {l} )=\mathrm {Sp} ({\dot {\mathbf {F} }}\cdot \mathbf {F} ^{-1})\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!&=:&\mathbf {F} ^{\mathrm {T} -1}:{\dot {\mathbf {F} }}\\\rightarrow {\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} t}}\mathrm {det} (\mathbf {F} )=&\mathrm {det} (\mathbf {F} )\mathbf {F} ^{\mathrm {T} -1}:{\dot {\mathbf {F} }}=\mathrm {det} (\mathbf {F} )\mathrm {Sp} ({\stackrel {\Delta }{\mathbf {e} }})\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!&=&0\end{aligned}}}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}0=&\mathrm {Sp} ({\stackrel {\Delta }{\mathbf {e} }})=\mathrm {Sp} (\mathbf {l} )=\mathrm {Sp} ({\dot {\mathbf {F} }}\cdot \mathbf {F} ^{-1})\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!&=:&\mathbf {F} ^{\mathrm {T} -1}:{\dot {\mathbf {F} }}\\\rightarrow {\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} t}}\mathrm {det} (\mathbf {F} )=&\mathrm {det} (\mathbf {F} )\mathbf {F} ^{\mathrm {T} -1}:{\dot {\mathbf {F} }}=\mathrm {det} (\mathbf {F} )\mathrm {Sp} ({\stackrel {\Delta }{\mathbf {e} }})\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!&=&0\end{aligned}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/36fa69dda921ac66f2edad1f7882f13d368cea32.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.961ex; margin-bottom: -0.21ex; width:59.041ex; height:9.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}0=&\mathrm {Sp} ({\stackrel {\Delta }{\mathbf {e} }})=\mathrm {Sp} (\mathbf {l} )=\mathrm {Sp} ({\dot {\mathbf {F} }}\cdot \mathbf {F} ^{-1})\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!&=:&\mathbf {F} ^{\mathrm {T} -1}:{\dot {\mathbf {F} }}\\\rightarrow {\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} t}}\mathrm {det} (\mathbf {F} )=&\mathrm {det} (\mathbf {F} )\mathbf {F} ^{\mathrm {T} -1}:{\dot {\mathbf {F} }}=\mathrm {det} (\mathbf {F} )\mathrm {Sp} ({\stackrel {\Delta }{\mathbf {e} }})\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!&=&0\end{aligned}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>die Zeitableitung der <a href="Determinante" title="Determinante">Determinante</a> „det“ des <a href="Deformationsgradient" title="Deformationsgradient">Deformationsgradienten</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} }">
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/da18bef8c979f3548bb0d8976f5844012d7b8256.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.683ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} }" loading="lazy"></span>, siehe den Abschnitt „Ableitungen der Hauptinvarianten“ bei <a href="Hauptinvariante#Ableitungen_der_Hauptinvarianten" title="Hauptinvariante">Hauptinvariante</a>. Die Determinante des Deformationsgradienten ist gleich der Volumendehnung, die in diesem Fall zeitlich konstant ist.
</p><p>Dies bewirkt in der J<sub>2</sub>-Plastizität<sup id="cite_ref-plast_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plast-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, in der die Rate der plastischen Dehnungen deviatorisch ist und die plastischen Dehnungen vom Euler-Almansi-Typ sind, dass die plastischen Dehnungen volumenerhaltend sind, was mit <i>plastischer Inkompressibilität</i> bezeichnet wird.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Harmonie_der_Bilinearform">Harmonie der Bilinearform</h2></div>
<p>Die mit dem Ortsvektor <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {r}}:={\begin{pmatrix}x&y&z\end{pmatrix}}^{\top }}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {r}}:={\begin{pmatrix}x&y&z\end{pmatrix}}^{\top }}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/179e37205050bf6672117d64e750f0e2ac0718bc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:17.258ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {r}}:={\begin{pmatrix}x&y&z\end{pmatrix}}^{\top }}" loading="lazy"></span> und einem Deviator gebildete <a href="Bilinearform" title="Bilinearform">Bilinearform</a>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f({\vec {r}}):={\vec {r}}\cdot \mathbf {T} ^{\mathrm {D} }\cdot {\vec {r}}}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f({\vec {r}}):={\vec {r}}\cdot \mathbf {T} ^{\mathrm {D} }\cdot {\vec {r}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e1bb7e04ace5e0dad3f02adc8b12fa24d55757c6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:17.208ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f({\vec {r}}):={\vec {r}}\cdot \mathbf {T} ^{\mathrm {D} }\cdot {\vec {r}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>ist eine <a href="Harmonische_Funktion" title="Harmonische Funktion">harmonische Funktion</a>:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta f={\frac {\partial ^{2}f}{\partial x^{2}}}+{\frac {\partial ^{2}f}{\partial y^{2}}}+{\frac {\partial ^{2}f}{\partial z^{2}}}=0}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta f={\frac {\partial ^{2}f}{\partial x^{2}}}+{\frac {\partial ^{2}f}{\partial y^{2}}}+{\frac {\partial ^{2}f}{\partial z^{2}}}=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/683691c3a7dfec7a963a28f5ed211b1865188fbb.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:29.817ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta f={\frac {\partial ^{2}f}{\partial x^{2}}}+{\frac {\partial ^{2}f}{\partial y^{2}}}+{\frac {\partial ^{2}f}{\partial z^{2}}}=0}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Denn nur die Diagonalglieder des Tensors gehen mit quadrierten Koeffizienten x, y oder z in f ein, weswegen der <a href="Laplace-Operator" title="Laplace-Operator">Laplace-Operator</a> 𝚫 die Summe der Diagonalglieder liefert, die bei einem Deviator <a href="Per_definitionem" class="mw-redirect" title="Per definitionem">per definitionem</a> null ist. Dieser Sachverhalt lässt sich problemlos auf höher dimensionale Räume verallgemeinern.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Siehe_auch">Siehe auch</h2></div>
<ul><li><a href="Formelsammlung_Tensoralgebra" title="Formelsammlung Tensoralgebra">Formelsammlung Tensoralgebra</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fußnoten"><span id="Fu.C3.9Fnoten"></span>Fußnoten</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Greve (2003), S. 90 f, Altenbach (2012), S. 149.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Altenbach (2012), S. 273.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Frechet-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Frechet_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Die <a href="Fr%C3%A9chet-Ableitung" title="Fréchet-Ableitung">Fréchet-Ableitung</a> einer skalaren Funktion <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f(\mathbf {T} )}">
<semantics>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a23c54679dd35f3d85a0c49ebe9e80c45ab2d87d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.947ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f(\mathbf {T} )}" loading="lazy"></span> nach einem Tensor <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {T} }">
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ist der Tensor <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {A} }">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {A} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0795cc96c75d81520a120482662b90f024c9a1a1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.019ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {A} }" loading="lazy"></span> für den – sofern er existiert – gilt:
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {A} :\mathbf {H} =\left.{\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} s}}f(\mathbf {T} +s\mathbf {H} )\right|_{s=0}=\lim _{s\rightarrow 0}{\frac {f(\mathbf {T} +s\mathbf {H} )-f(\mathbf {T} )}{s}}\quad \forall \;\mathbf {H} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">A</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>:</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">H</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mrow>
<mo fence="true" stretchy="true" symmetric="true"></mo>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>s</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">T</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>s</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">H</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>s</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<munder>
<mo movablelimits="true" form="prefix">lim</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>s</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</munder>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">T</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>s</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">H</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">T</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>s</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∀<!-- ∀ --></mi>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">H</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {A} :\mathbf {H} =\left.{\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} s}}f(\mathbf {T} +s\mathbf {H} )\right|_{s=0}=\lim _{s\rightarrow 0}{\frac {f(\mathbf {T} +s\mathbf {H} )-f(\mathbf {T} )}{s}}\quad \forall \;\mathbf {H} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/dc67d762a9992a7e0a390acfd075cdf4e08802ee.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:59.752ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {A} :\mathbf {H} =\left.{\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} s}}f(\mathbf {T} +s\mathbf {H} )\right|_{s=0}=\lim _{s\rightarrow 0}{\frac {f(\mathbf {T} +s\mathbf {H} )-f(\mathbf {T} )}{s}}\quad \forall \;\mathbf {H} }" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
Darin ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle s\in \mathbb {R} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>s</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle s\in \mathbb {R} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/36efff902c6854b1196e79dec095b31e0c6a8ee9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.609ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle s\in \mathbb {R} }" loading="lazy"></span> und ":" das <a href="Frobenius-Skalarprodukt" title="Frobenius-Skalarprodukt">Frobenius-Skalarprodukt</a>. Dann wird auch
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial f}{\partial \mathbf {T} }}=\mathbf {A} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>f</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">T</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">A</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial f}{\partial \mathbf {T} }}=\mathbf {A} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/710684048f01795e32460d2156e6272786d3f07d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:9.131ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial f}{\partial \mathbf {T} }}=\mathbf {A} }" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
geschrieben.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-plast-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-plast_4-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-plast_4-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Die zweite Hauptinvariante des Spannungsdeviators wird häufig mit J<sub>2</sub> bezeichnet:
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathrm {J} }_{2}:=\mathrm {I} _{2}({\boldsymbol {\sigma }}^{\rm {D}})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">J</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>:=</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">I</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">D</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathrm {J} }_{2}:=\mathrm {I} _{2}({\boldsymbol {\sigma }}^{\rm {D}})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1375340d781842893038e9bed7c732cc37fae91b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:12.78ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathrm {J} }_{2}:=\mathrm {I} _{2}({\boldsymbol {\sigma }}^{\rm {D}})}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
und ist wegen
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \parallel \mathbf {T} ^{\rm {D}}\parallel ={\sqrt {-2\mathrm {I} _{2}(\mathbf {T} ^{\rm {D}})}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">∥<!-- ∥ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">T</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">D</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>∥<!-- ∥ -->=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">I</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">T</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">D</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \parallel \mathbf {T} ^{\rm {D}}\parallel ={\sqrt {-2\mathrm {I} _{2}(\mathbf {T} ^{\rm {D}})}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5d2e71f90eb007ae2e846ef910a7abb555ae5426.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.671ex; width:21.115ex; height:4.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \parallel \mathbf {T} ^{\rm {D}}\parallel ={\sqrt {-2\mathrm {I} _{2}(\mathbf {T} ^{\rm {D}})}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
ein Maß für den <a href="Frobeniusnorm" title="Frobeniusnorm">Betrag</a> des Spannungsdeviators.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Greve (2003), S. 164.</span>
</li>
</ol>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatur">Literatur</h2></div>
<ul><li>H. Altenbach: <cite style="font-style:italic">Kontinuumsmechanik</cite>. Springer, 2012, ISBN 978-3-642-24118-5, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>36, 106, 119, 149</span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Deviator&rft.au=H.+Altenbach&rft.btitle=Kontinuumsmechanik&rft.date=2012&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9783642241185&rft.pages=36%2C+106%2C+119%2C+149&rft.pub=Springer" style="display:none"> </span></li>
<li>Ralf Greve: <cite style="font-style:italic">Kontinuumsmechanik</cite>. Ein Grundkurs für Ingenieure und Physiker. Springer, Berlin u. a. 2003, ISBN 978-3-642-62463-6, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>90<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>f., 98</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-55485-8">10.1007/978-3-642-55485-8</a></span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.de/books?id=ZhcjBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA90#v=onepage">eingeschränkte Vorschau</a> in der Google-Buchsuche).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Deviator&rft.au=Ralf+Greve&rft.btitle=Kontinuumsmechanik&rft.date=2003&rft.doi=10.1007%2F978-3-642-55485-8&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9783642624636&rft.pages=90+f.%2C+98&rft.place=Berlin+u.+a.&rft.pub=Springer" style="display:none"> </span></li></ul></div><!--htdig_noindex--><div><div class="zim-footer">
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